Defence strategy of any country is one of the most important necessities for maintaining national security which has an effective role in security which has an effective role in securing national inferests of that country. A comprehensive defensive strategy contains two dimensions: operating Defence and Passive Defence. Operating Defence and Passive Defence. Operating Defence's application is in military field and the Passive Defence application not only is in military, but in the social, economical, political and cultural fields as well. The Passive Defence is divided in two parts of hard and soft which each part has its particular bases. The article's goal is, by using descriptive research method, first, to define the Passive Defence, indicates its variety and foundations, and second, determines the capability of the soft Passive Defence facing with a soft war in the framework of a defensive strategy.

For critical and sensitive facility location, finding an adequate coverage can reduce the amount of damages which are caused by disaster or military attacks; and also, locating the critical facilities far from each other can decrease the probability of identification and destruction of them. In this paper, a bi-objective mathematical model is derived for the critical facility location problem, in which the principals of Passive defenses have been taken into account via the objective functions of minimizing the uncovered demand amount and maximizing the minimum distance between facilities. In the proposed model, it is assumed that each facility is identified and destructed based on a specific and known probability. Furthermore, it is supposed that injuries (customers) can be served by those facilities located within a predefined coverage distance. Since the proposed problem is NP-hard, a bi-objective genetic algorithm is presented in order to solve the large sized problems.

Iran's strategic location in the Middle East, the continual threats by foreign countries, and the breaking out of numerous wars in its neighbouring countries, have necessitated the planning for urban spatial arrangements in order to deal with war crises. This is addressed in the Supreme Leader’ s policies, the ‘ Formation of the Passive Defence Organisation’ bill, as well as other regulations. This paper focuses on a key element of Passive Defence, namely, an integrated legal structure for preventive measures in Tehran’ s spatial planning. Home to over 1500 official institutions, from political to military and diplomatic, the question is about the degree to which the present legal structures are capable of supporting the city’ s Passive Defence, and the opportunities and obstacles on the way. To answer this question, the Delphi method has been employed to analyse subjective factors, and document and text analysis methods for objective ones. The findings of the paper shows that territorial comprehensiveness, legal dogmatism, clarity of the language, accessibility, and achieving sufficient spatial requirements generate opportunities, whilst the lack of implementation guarantees, thematic comprehensiveness, people in charge, necessary details, overlaps and conflicts, along with the openness of laws to interpretations are among treats. Furthermore, although responsible authorities are formally named, the multiplicity of institutions and their conflicts of remit, as well as their weakness in establishing horizontal lines of communication diminish both the influence and efficiency of their decision-and policy-making.

Throughout the history, defense has invariably been an important part of the human life, for the defense actions taken by humans counteracts or decreases the effects of the invasions. However, how defense takes place hinges on a variety of circumstances, for humans have tried in their lives to choose and leverage the best means of defense in different conditions against their invading adversaries by using rationality and well-thought measures. As societies developed, many differences have occurred in weapons, and similarly in defense related ways and means. Similarly, war and defense have gone beyond their military concept some examples of which are cultural and cyber warfare. This article seeks to describe the concepts of economic defense and war using a conceptual development of war and defense, and to provide a theoretical and analytical framework to make resistive economy operational based on a qualitative research and logical analysis of the concepts. Finally, aiming to answer the main question about what resistive economy means conceptually, it seeks to support the hypothesis stating that resistive economy is realistically a strategy of Passive economic warfare in a military paradigm. The results of this research is an operational model which has been designed based on economic warfare and Passive economic Defence for operationalizing the resistive economy.

THE implementation of Passive defense in urban and regional planning has a prolonged historical background. This argument could be verified through historical facts such as moat digging and the building of barriers, ziggurats, ancient-forts, chateaus (sharestans), ligaments, barbicans, walls and castles. It is essential, because of the fundamental changes in military armaments technology, to employ modern Passive defense in order to reduce casualties and inflictions of any type of war. Iran has- for the nature of its existence, its geographical and historical responsibility and potentials, among other reasons- always been and will remain under potential threats. The variables investigated in this applied research include the recognition of vital, critical and major installations of G Industrial State of Isfahan in order to reduce enemy attacks inflictions, enhance national resistance threshold and the defensive power, deterrence, resiliency and stability of the state. The study is mainly a secondary desk research, however, with regard to the type of it, field researchinter viewing-have been deployed. The SWOT method has been used in the paper to analyze the Industrial State G and inspect its consistency with the Passive defense principles and consequences of a potential attack. The results indicate the principles are not observed.It is possible to take measures before the outbreak of any war to diminish life and economical casualties of the strategic points whereupon the life cities and countries depend.

Introduction and purpose: The urban old texture an important problem in urban planning that today due to anquity buildings and unsuitable accessibility has converted to disposale damage fields against natural and artifact events. The research object is spatial analysis of old urban texture based on Passive Defence principles for attending to stability pattern.Methodology: In present research the research method is combination of analytical- survey and typical methods and kind of research is applied. The important indexes determined an antiquity buildings, build quality, number of floor, green space, compatibility, media services, urban services and surrounded degree.Findings: one of main problems of urban centres’ part is residential regions depreciation that according to accomplished studies, texture centres’ according to unsuitable of urban passages from accessibility index to assisting centres located in undesirable situation in critical times.

Although in recent years, the issue of Passive defense has become one of the key issues in the field of national security, but there is still a long way to go to reach the desired situation. Cities, and especially crowded places, are one of the environments that are always faced with a variety of threats due to the large population with high density. In fact, open access to crowded places greatly increases their potential vulnerability to military and political centers. Although the military attack is considered as the most important threat to military and political centers, threats to crowded places are military attacks, bombings, suicide attacks, car attacks, hostage-taking, strikes and internal insurgency, cyber-attacks and etc. Therefore, the present study tries to analyze the vulnerability of various crowded places in a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary studies and Delphi method. In this regard, 23 types of crowded places in cities have been identified and the extent of their impact from various threats has been determined based on receiving the opinion of an expert group (25 experts). The data is validated based on nonparametric analysis models and Kendall coefficient test in SPSS software and analyzed by the Hierarchical Clustering method. The findings show that if crowded places are clustered based on the most similarity in terms of threats, the "railway station" and "airport" fall into one cluster with the highest vulnerability. Also, "Metro Station", "Passenger Terminal", "Shrine of Imams / Imamzadehs", "Jameh Mosque" and "Mosque and Hosseiniyah" are located in a cluster with relatively high vulnerability. In the third cluster exists "mourning and marching paths", "assembly hall", "passage / department store", "sports stadium" and "cinema and theater" which are associated with moderate vulnerability.

In this research a mathematical model for surface radar sites’ location and a combination methodology for its resolution are presented. Hence after expressing the related conceptions, the goals and radar sites location method, mathematical model for radar sites location is expressed. Then a two-step method for solving this problem is offered. At the first step, the criteria parameters for selecting radar sites’ location based on Passive and active defense are identified, classified, scored and prioritized. Since these kinds of problems are NP-hard, simulated annealing algorithm for solving this new mathematical model has been used. In this method the total score for each candidate location determines the position priority for radar network. So all of the possible states for the radar network are survived by stimulated annealing algorithm. Finally, a radar sites’ location problem in the Persian Gulf beaches using presented simulated annealing algorithm with hypothesis data has been resolved.

Today, the needs to plan for sustainability is increasingly important to the city and settlement system of Yazd in order to countermeasure the security risks. Such risks include urban terrorist attacks, riots, anarchy, war and natural disasters such as earthquake, which threatens the development and security of the area due to inherent problems which provides a dysfunctional situation. To recognize the intervention strategies aimed to improve and reduce vulnerability of Yazd old texture, this investigation is carried out by measuring the elites’ points of views in the Questionnaire of SWOT model, (evolved and completed in AHP method) and matrix was quantitatively planned and intervention strategies of Yazd city were developed. Surveys based on the SWOT analysis in connection with effective factors makes it clear that urban management performance in the city management, road network, rehabilitation and housing development in order to improve safety and security in the city of Yazd old texture have been unsuccessful and so in order to overcome the inherent and potential threats, it shows that the strengths and opportunities in the distressed area haven't been exploited properly. This is confirmed by internal factors evaluation matrix with the 2. 77 and external factors evaluation matrix with the 3. 05 which indicates the need to approach them in a Chart exhibit, to overcome the available threats. Finally strategies such as the production of safe space, accelerating the depopulation by modifying the road network and presenting the safe sample construction by urban management, are suggested which include the Passive defense municipal operational programs.

Considering the rapid advances in high quality mobile devices, knowledge transfer over mobile network has become a growing field of research. The major problem in knowledge transfer system in mobile environment is to deliver the needed knowledge to the user for decision making in the right time and right context. The problem of knowledge transfer in the "right time" has been studied previously, but less attention has been paid to the problem of knowledge transfer considering the "right context". In this paper, the problem of knowledge transfer in the mobile environment, according to the context information is discussed. An architecture is proposed for knowledge management system in a mobile network based on GPS to predict the road traffic congestion and to guide derivers. The anticipation of traffic condition helps traffic managers to avoid the negative consequences of high traffic hours.